The construction of China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is a pioneering test of the Belt and Road Initiative. China-Mongolia economic and trade cooperation is an important aspect of it. With the development of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries, human rights dilemma has frequently emerged, which is mainly concentrated in the fields of infrastructure construction and exploitation of mineral resources, and mainly reflected on their impact on environmental rights, labor rights and other economic, social and cultural rights in a more general sense. It has hindered further development of the bilateral relationship in the field of economy and trade. The China-Mongolia case has implications for the construction of the Belt and Road initiative. In the context of human rights becoming mainstream in the field of international economic and trade cooperation, the Chinese government should take more powerful steps, including legislative measures, to regulate and guide enterprises that go abroad to assume social responsibilities. Meanwhile, it is imperative to strengthen consultations with countries along the Belt and Road, to create multilateral and bilateral institutional framework to safeguard human rights as well as investment.